Yogajournal.com - SEO Checker

Overview of the SEO Check
Meta information
92% 
Page quality
75% 
Page structure
58% 
Link structure
36% 
Server
99% 
External factors
72% 
SEO Score
Response time
0.41 s
File size
173.20 kB
Words
989
Media files
18
Number of links
123 internal / 15 external

Task list of SEO Improvements

Meta specifications

Title
(Critically important)
Yoga Journal | Yoga Poses - Sequences - Philosophy - Events
There are word repetitions in the page title.
The length of the page title is perfect. (555 pixels out of 580 max pixel length)
Meta description
(Critically important)
Yoga Journal is your source for yoga pose instruction, sequences, free video classes, guided meditations, and information on the yogic lifestyle.
The length of the meta description is perfect. (880 pixels out of 1000 max pixel length)
Crawlability
(Critically important)
There are no problems in accessing the website.
Canonical URL
(Important)
https://www.yogajournal.com/
The specified canonical link points to a different page.
Language
(Somewhat important)
Language detected in text: en
Language defined in HTML: en-us
Server location: United States of America
The following language is defined by HTML: en-us
Alternate/Hreflang Links
(Somewhat important)
There are no alternate links specified on this page.
Other meta tags
(Somewhat important)
There is no rel next meta tag on this page.
There is no rel prev meta tag on this page.
Domain
(Somewhat important)
The domain is no subdomain.
The domain length is good.
The domain does not contain non-latin characters.
Page URL
(Somewhat important)
There should not be dynamic parameters in the URL.
No session ID was found in the URL.
The URL does not have too many subdirectories.
Charset encoding
(Somewhat important)
The charset encoding (UTF-8) is set correctly.
Doctype
(Nice to have)
The doctype HTML 5 is set correctly.
The doctype is placed at first in the HTML code.
Favicon
(Nice to have)
The favicon is linked correctly.

Meta tags

NameValue
viewportwidth=device-width, initial-scale=1.0
robotsindex, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1
descriptionYoga Journal is your source for yoga pose instruction, sequences, free video classes, guided meditations, and information on the yogic lifestyle.
generatorWordPress 6.7.1
msapplication-TileImagehttps://cdn.yogajournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/cropped-favicon-1-270x270.png
am-api-tokenYYcJV4n6DEEP
article:modified_time2025-07-21T13:32:57+00:00
langen-us
twitter:cardsummary_large_image
og:localeen_US
og:typewebsite
og:titleHome
og:descriptionYoga Journal is your source for yoga pose instruction, sequences, free video classes, guided meditations, and information on the yogic lifestyle.
og:urlhttps://www.yogajournal.com/
og:site_nameYoga Journal
Content-Typetext/html; charset=UTF-8
X-UA-CompatibleIE=edge
charsetUTF-8

Automatically check yogajournal.com including all subpages at once!

Try for free
Guaranteed free of charge during trial period.

Page quality

Content
(Critically important)
Some words from the page title are not used within the pages content
This page contains 989 words. That's ok.
37% of the text are stop words.
The page contains a listing, which indicates a good text layout.
8 paragraphs were found on this page.
No placeholders texts or images were found.
There are no duplicates on the site.
The average number of words per sentence of 17 words is good.
Frames
(Critically important)
This page does not use a frameset.
Mobile optimization
(Somewhat important)
A viewport "width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" is provided.
At least one Apple touch icon is specified.
Bold and strong tags
(Somewhat important)
The amount of tags is very high (37). We recommend using a maximum of 20 tags for this page.
The following tag is repeated too often: laura harold
Some tags are too long. With 75 characters this one is longer than 70 characters:
"6 pigeon pose variations that deliver the same stretch in a different shape"
Image SEO
(Somewhat important)
1 images have no alt attribute. The content of alt attributes is used by search engines.
Social Networks
(Nice to have)
This page is optimized perfectly for social networks.
Additional markup
(Nice to have)
This page uses Google authorship information without an image.
HTTPS
(Somewhat important)
This website uses HTTPS to protect privacy and integrity of the exchanged data.
All included files are also transferred via HTTPS.

Media list

URLAlt attributeTitle
...tent/uploads/2024/03/AF-YOGA_JOURNAL.png logo
..._s.jpg?crop=1:1&width=220&enable=upscaleWoman unrolling her yoga mat during a yoga challenge.
...-1.jpg?crop=1:1&width=220&enable=upscaleWomen in a yoga studio on their mats practicing different poses with blocks as props
...sh.png?crop=1:1&width=220&enable=upscaleGrid of images of different people practicing a one-minute meditation
...es.jpg?crop=1:1&width=220&enable=upscaleNo alt attribute provided

Page structure

H1 heading
(Critically important)
There is no H1 heading specified.
Headings
(Important)
Some headings occur twice on the page.
The structure of headings is missing one or more levels. Do not skip heading levels.
There are 52 headings on the page. The amount of headings should be in a more proper relation to the amount of text.

Heading structure

Heading levelContent
H2 5 of the Most Satisfying Yin Yoga Sequences on YouTube
H2 12 Yoga Poses That Are Surprisingly Similar to Your Gym Workout
H2 I Spent a Year Living in My Van. It Did Not Go as Planned.
H2 Your Weekly Horoscope for July 13-19, 2025: Finally Choosing Yourself
H2 From Legendary Surfers to Elite Downhill Skiers, Here’s How Athletes Are Using Yoga to Achieve Epic Feats
H2 Must Reads
H2 Must Reads Duplicate text
H2 Latest
H2 Poses
H2 Practice
H2 Teach
H2 Life
H2 Foundations
H2 Astrology
H2 Outside Apps
H2 Watch
H2 Learn
H2 Outside+
H3 The Best Yoga Mats for Literally Everyone
H3 A-to-Z Guide to Yoga Cues
H3 Even A One-Minute Meditation Can Deliver Profound Benefits, According to Research
H3 A-Z Directory of Yoga Poses
H3 20-Minute Yogalates for Strength and Flexibility
H3 Backbends Aren’t So Scary When You Know These 3 Things
H3 Yoga Teachers, Are You Falling Into These Common Bad Habits?
H3 AI Will Never Recreate the Peace Yoga Brings Me
H3 Your Weekly Horoscope for July 20-26, 2025: Bringing Play Back Into Your Days
H3 Here’s How to Find Free Yoga Near You
H3 So You Want to Take a Yoga Teacher Training? Here’s What to Know About Each Type.
H3 Mercury Retrograde Just Began. Here’s Everything You Need to Know, Including Your Horoscope.
H3 I Wait All Year for This Summer-Specific Version of Savasana
H3 10-Minute Restorative Practice for When You’re Feeling All the Things
H3 YogaSix Has Gotten Wildly Popular. I Took a Class to See Why—and Left Conflicted.
H3 10-Minute Morning Yoga for a Full-Body Stretch (No Standing Required)
H3 9 Dynamic Yoga Poses to Add to Your Home Practice
H3 A 10-Minute Workout for When You’re Stuck at Home
H3 Thinking About Taking a Yoga Teacher Training Retreat? Consider These 13 Things Before You Commit.
H3 Feeling Lonely? You’re Not Alone
H3 Yoga for Beginners: The Ultimate Guide to Starting Your Practice
H3 A Complete Guide to the Full Moons of 2024, Including What They Mean for You
H3 Gaia GPS
H3 Trailforks
H3 Outside TV
H3 Outside
H3 Build a Stronger Bow Pose With This Prop-Supported Sequence
H3 The Culture & Practice of the Yama
H4 Editors’ Picks
H4 Editors’ Picks Duplicate text
H4 Editors’ Picks Duplicate text
H4 Editors’ Picks Duplicate text
H4 Editors’ Picks Duplicate text
H4 Editors’ Picks Duplicate text
Some anchor texts are used more than once.
20 links don't have an anchor text.
The number of internal links is ok.
None of the anchor texts is too long.
All internal links are not using dynamic parameters.
There are 15 external links on this page.
LinkAttributesAnchor text
https://www.yogajournal.com/Subdomain Yoga Journal
https://www.yogajournal.com/homeHome
A-TITLE Activity Feed
/featuredFeatured
A-TITLE Home Page
/poses/Subdomain Poses
/pose-finder/pose-finder/Subdomain Pose Finder
/practice/Subdomain Practice Yoga
/accessories/Subdomain Accessories
/teach/Subdomain Teach
/yoga-101/Subdomain Foundations
/meditation/Subdomain Meditation
/lifestyle/Subdomain Lifestyle
/lifestyle/astrology/Subdomain Astrology
/lifestyle/yin-yoga-youtube-pr...Subdomain No Text
/lifestyle/yin-yoga-youtube-pr...Subdomain 5 of the Most Satisfying Yin Yoga Sequences on YouTube
/byline/laura-harold/Subdomain Laura Harold
/practice/bodyweight-strength-...Subdomain No Text
/practice/bodyweight-strength-...Subdomain 12 Yoga Poses That Are Surprisingly Similar to Your Gym Workout
/byline/amber-sayer/Subdomain Amber Sayer
/lifestyle/van-life/Subdomain No Text
/lifestyle/van-life/Subdomain I Spent a Year Living in My Van. It Did Not Go as Planned.
/byline/sierra-vandervort/Subdomain Sierra Vandervort
/lifestyle/astrology/weekly-ho...Subdomain No Text
/lifestyle/astrology/weekly-ho...Subdomain Your Weekly Horoscope for July 13-19, 2025: Finally Choosing Yourself
/byline/jordane-maree/Subdomain Jordane Maree
/practice/yoga-and-athletes/Subdomain No Text
/practice/yoga-and-athletes/Subdomain From Legendary Surfers to Elite Downhill Skiers, Here’s How Athletes Are Using Yoga to Achieve Epic Feats
/byline/alex-tzelnic/Subdomain Alex Tzelnic
/accessories/yoga-mats/best-yo...Subdomain IMG-ALT Woman unrolling her yoga mat during a yoga challenge.
/accessories/yoga-mats/best-yo...Subdomain The Best Yoga Mats for Literally Everyone
/teach/teaching-methods/a-to-z...Subdomain IMG-ALT Women in a yoga studio on their mats practicing different poses with blocks as props
/teach/teaching-methods/a-to-z...Subdomain A-to-Z Guide to Yoga Cues
/meditation/one-minute-meditat...Subdomain IMG-ALT Grid of images of different people practicing a one-minute meditation
/meditation/one-minute-meditat...Subdomain Even A One-Minute Meditation Can Deliver Profound Benefits, According to Research
/pose-finder/pose-finder/Subdomain No Text
/pose-finder/pose-finder/Subdomain A-Z Directory of Yoga Poses
/practice/yogalates-video/Subdomain No Text
/practice/Subdomain Text duplicate Practice Yoga
/practice/yogalates-video/Subdomain 20-Minute Yogalates for Strength and Flexibility
/byline/kassandra-reinhardt/Subdomain Yoga With Kassandra
/practice/how-to-do-a-backbend/Subdomain No Text
/practice/Subdomain Text duplicate Practice Yoga
/practice/how-to-do-a-backbend/Subdomain Backbends Aren’t So Scary When You Know These 3 Things
/byline/kate-lombardo/Subdomain Kate Lombardo
/teach/yoga-teacher-bad-habits/Subdomain No Text
/teach/Subdomain Text duplicate Teach
/teach/yoga-teacher-bad-habits/Subdomain Yoga Teachers, Are You Falling Into These Common Bad Habits?
/byline/rachel-land/Subdomain Rachel Land
/practice/ai-will-never-recrea...Subdomain No Text
/practice/Subdomain Text duplicate Practice Yoga
/practice/ai-will-never-recrea...Subdomain AI Will Never Recreate the Peace Yoga Brings Me
/byline/sarah-herrington/Subdomain Sarah Herrington
/lifestyle/astrology/weekly-ho...Subdomain No Text
/lifestyle/astrology/Subdomain Text duplicate Astrology
/lifestyle/astrology/weekly-ho...Subdomain Your Weekly Horoscope for July 20-26, 2025: Bringing Play Back Into Your Days
/byline/jordane-maree/Subdomain Text duplicate Jordane Maree
/practice/free-yoga-classes-ne...Subdomain No Text
/practice/Subdomain Text duplicate Practice Yoga
/practice/free-yoga-classes-ne...Subdomain Here’s How to Find Free Yoga Near You
/byline/sierra-vandervort/Subdomain Text duplicate Sierra Vandervort
/teach/yoga-teacher-training-g...Subdomain No Text
/teach/Subdomain Text duplicate Teach
/teach/yoga-teacher-training-g...Subdomain So You Want to Take a Yoga Teacher Training? Here’s What to Know About Each Type.
/byline/calin-van-paris/Subdomain Calin Van Paris
/lifestyle/astrology/mercury-r...Subdomain No Text
/lifestyle/astrology/Subdomain Text duplicate Astrology
/lifestyle/astrology/mercury-r...Subdomain Mercury Retrograde Just Began. Here’s Everything You Need to Know, Including Your Horoscope.
/byline/jordane-maree/Subdomain Text duplicate Jordane Maree
/lifestyle/how-to-do-surf-sava...Subdomain No Text
/lifestyle/Subdomain Text duplicate Lifestyle
/lifestyle/how-to-do-surf-sava...Subdomain I Wait All Year for This Summer-Specific Version of Savasana
/byline/laura-harold/Subdomain Text duplicate Laura Harold
/practice/restorative-yoga-how...Subdomain No Text
/practice/Subdomain Text duplicate Practice Yoga
/practice/restorative-yoga-how...Subdomain 10-Minute Restorative Practice for When You’re Feeling All the Things
/byline/calin-van-paris/Subdomain Text duplicate Calin Van Paris
/lifestyle/taking-a-class-at-y...Subdomain No Text
/lifestyle/Subdomain Text duplicate Lifestyle
/lifestyle/taking-a-class-at-y...Subdomain YogaSix Has Gotten Wildly Popular. I Took a Class to See Why—and Left Conflicted.
/byline/laura-harold/Subdomain Text duplicate Laura Harold
/practice/10-minute-morning-yo...Subdomain No Text
/practice/Subdomain Text duplicate Practice Yoga
/practice/10-minute-morning-yo...Subdomain 10-Minute Morning Yoga for a Full-Body Stretch (No Standing Required)
/byline/kassandra-reinhardt/Subdomain Text duplicate Yoga With Kassandra
https://www.yogajournal.com/all/See All
/poses/10-yoga-poses-do-every-...Subdomain IMG-ALT A person demonstrates High Lunge in yoga
/poses/10-yoga-poses-do-every-...Subdomain 9 Dynamic Yoga Poses to Add to Your Home Practice
/poses/yoga-by-benefit/high-bl...Subdomain 6 Yoga Poses for High Blood Pressure
/poses/anatomy/thighs/stretche...Subdomain The 7 Best Yoga Poses to Stretch Tight Quads
/poses/anatomy/neck/yoga-for-n...Subdomain 4 Yoga Poses to Help Ease Neck Pain
/poses/Subdomain View More
/practice/10-minute-workout-at...Subdomain IMG-ALT Woman practicing forearm plank while doing a 10-minute workout at home
/practice/10-minute-workout-at...Subdomain A 10-Minute Workout for When You’re Stuck at Home
/practice/pigeon-pose-variations/Subdomain 6 Pigeon Pose Variations That Deliver the Same Stretch in a Different Shape
/practice/cues-for-crow-pose/Subdomain 12 Essential Cues for Crow Pose You’ve Probably Never Heard Before
/lifestyle/things-yoga-people-...Subdomain 40 (Mostly Hilarious) Things Only People Who Practice Yoga Understand
/practice/Subdomain Text duplicate View More
/teach/destination-yoga-teache...Subdomain IMG-ALT Circle of students at a destination yoga teacher training studying yoga and meditation
/teach/destination-yoga-teache...Subdomain Thinking About Taking a Yoga Teacher Training Retreat? Consider These 13 Things Before You Commit.
/teach/teach-yoga-youtube/Subdomain I Teach Yoga to Millions On YouTube. These Are the 12 Essential Lessons I’ve Learned.
/teach/authentic-yoga-teacher/Subdomain No One Was Attending My Yoga Classes—Until I Changed This One Thing
/practice/body-positive-yoga/Subdomain 12 Body-Positive Yoga Cues You Can Use in Common Poses
/teach/Subdomain Text duplicate View More
/lifestyle/health/doshas/ayurv...Subdomain IMG-ALT Above shot of someone making a snow angel in a field
/lifestyle/health/doshas/ayurv...Subdomain Feeling Lonely? You’re Not Alone
/lifestyle/balance/10-journal-...Subdomain 10 End-Of-Year Journal Prompts to Help Create the Life You Want
/poses/yoga-by-benefit/calm/ca...Subdomain How to Quiet Your Racing Thoughts in 5 Minutes (or Less!)
/lifestyle/yoga-with-dogs/Subdomain The Reason Why Your Dog Always Wants to Practice Yoga With You, According to Experts
/lifestyle/Subdomain Text duplicate View More
/practice/beginners/yoga-for-b...Subdomain IMG-ALT Extended Side Angle Pose
/practice/beginners/yoga-for-b...Subdomain Yoga for Beginners: The Ultimate Guide to Starting Your Practice
/meditation/one-minute-meditat...Subdomain Text duplicate Even A One-Minute Meditation Can Deliver Profound Benefits, According to Research
/poses/your-brain-on-yoga-nidra/Subdomain How Yoga Nidra Can Help You Get More Sleep
/practice/yoga-sequences-level...Subdomain A Beginner’s Guide to the Chakras
/lifestyle/astrology/full-moon...Subdomain No Text
/lifestyle/astrology/full-moon...Subdomain A Complete Guide to the Full Moons of 2024, Including What They Mean for You
/lifestyle/astrology/what-it-m...Subdomain All Planets are Direct for Until Early May. Here’s What That Means for You.
/lifestyle/astrology/aquarius-...Subdomain What Aquarius Season Means for You, According to Your Astrological Sign
/lifestyle/astrology/why-i-rea...Subdomain I Don’t Know if I Believe in Astrology, But I Still Read My Horoscope Each Morning. Here’s Why.
https://www.gaiagps.com/New window External Subdomain IMG-ALT Gaia GPS app icon
https://www.gaiagps.com/New window External Subdomain Download
https://www.trailforks.com/app...New window External Subdomain IMG-ALT Trailforks app icon
https://www.trailforks.com/app...New window External Subdomain Text duplicate Download
http://outside.tv/appNew window External IMG-ALT Outside TV app icon
http://outside.tv/appNew window External Text duplicate Download
https://apps.apple.com/us/app/...New window External Subdomain IMG-ALT Outside app icon
https://apps.apple.com/us/app/...New window External Subdomain Text duplicate Download
/video/prop-practice-bow-pose/Subdomain IMG-ALT A person demonstrates supported Dhanurasana (Bow Pose) using blocks to press into the ankles
/video/prop-practice-bow-pose/Subdomain Build a Stronger Bow Pose With This Prop-Supported Sequence
/video/prop-practice-bow-pose/Subdomain Text duplicate View More
https://learn.outsideonline.co...External Subdomain IMG-ALT Rina Desphande Culture & Practice of the Yama
https://learn.outsideonline.co...External Subdomain The Culture & Practice of the Yama
https://learn.outsideonline.co...External Subdomain Text duplicate View More
/outsideplus/Subdomain No Text
/outsideplus/Subdomain Learn More
https://www.facebook.com/yogaj...New window External Subdomain No Text
https://twitter.com/yoga_journalNew window External No Text
https://www.instagram.com/yoga...New window External Subdomain No Text
https://www.pinterest.com/yoga...New window External Subdomain No Text

Server configuration

HTTP redirects
(Critically important)
This page redirects to "https://www.yogajournal.com/?scope=anon"
HTTP header
(Important)
No X-Powered HTTP header is sent.
The web server transmits the web page (HTML) in compressed form.
Performance
(Somewhat important)
The page response time of 0.41 seconds is longer than the recommended limit of 0.4 seconds. A high response time unnecessarily slows down search engine crawling and results in bad user experience as well.
The file size of the HTML document is fine (173 kB).

HTTP Response Header

NameValue
access-control-allow-origin*
age2031
cache-controlpublic, max-age=60 s-maxage=60, stale-while-revalidate=3600, stale-if-error=3600
content-encodingbr
content-security-policyframe-ancestors 'self' *.vercel.app *.rivt.com rivt.com *.outsideapi.com outsideapi.com *.pocketoutdoormedia.com outsideinc.com pocketoutdoormedia.com *.outsideinc.com velopress.com *.velopress.com *.mycoloradoparks.com mycoloradoparks.com *.rockandice.com rockandice.com *.theboxmag.com theboxmag.com *.nationalparktrips.com nationalparktrips.com *.nationalparktripsmedia.com nationalparktripsmedia.com *.betamtb.com betamtb.com *.mysmokymountainpark.com mysmokymountainpark.com *.myolympicpark.com myolympicpark.com *.climbing.com climbing.com *.backpacker.com backpacker.com *.podiumrunner.com podiumrunner.com *.skimag.com skimag.com myutahparks.com *.myutahparks.com *.mygrandcanyonpark.com mygrandcanyonpark.com *.oxygenmag.com oxygenmag.com *.triathlete.com triathlete.com velonews.com *.velonews.com muscleandperformance.com *.muscleandperformance.com *.outsidebusinessjournal.com outsidebusinessjournal.com snewsnet.com *.snewsnet.com gymclimber.com *.gymclimber.com livebeyoga.com *.yogajournal.com yogajournal.com *.livebeyoga.com womensrunning.com *.womensrunning.com trailrunnermag.com *.trailrunnermag.com outsideonline.com *.outsideonline.com *.betternutrition.com betternutrition.com vegetariantimes.com *.vegetariantimes.com cleaneating.com *.cleaneatingmag.com cleaneatingmag.com *.cleaneating.com *.thenaturx.com thenaturx.com *.yellowstonepark.com yellowstonepark.com *.myyellowstonepark.com myyellowstonepark.com myyosemitepark.com *.myyosemitepark.com *.rollmassif.com rollmassif.com *.getcairn.com getcairn.com *.athletereg.com athletereg.com *.finisherpix.com finisherpix.com *.pinkbike.com pinkbike.com *.pinkbike.org pinkbike.org *.bikereg.com bikereg.com *.runreg.com runreg.com *.trireg.com trireg.com *.skireg.com skireg.com *.pledgereg.com pledgereg.com *.gaiagps.com gaiagps.com *.trailforks.com trailforks.com
content-typetext/html; charset=UTF-8
dateThu, 24 Jul 2025 04:23:48 GMT
link<https://cdn.yogajournal.com/wp-json/>; rel="https://api.w.org/", <https://cdn.yogajournal.com/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/52515>; rel="alternate"; title="JSON"; type="application/json"
serverVercel
strict-transport-securitymax-age=31622400
varyAccept-Encoding, Cookie, Cookie
via1.1 varnish, 1.1 varnish, 1.1 varnish, 1.1 varnish
x-cacheHIT, HIT, MISS, MISS
x-cache-hits1, 0, 0, 0
x-content-type-optionsnosniff
x-distributoryes
x-matched-path/api/proxy
x-pantheon-styx-hostnamestyx-fe1-b-54b8dd7594-kf949
x-served-bycache-chi-kigq8000076-CHI, cache-fra-eddf8230077-FRA, cache-fra-etou8220177-FRA, cache-fra-etou8220177-FRA
x-styx-req-id360bdbe5-6841-11f0-a2ff-22b75bd0c502
x-timerS1753331028.339358,VS0,VE11
x-vercel-cacheHIT
x-vercel-idfra1::fra1::2hppg-1753333060306-177941e5be89
statuscode200
http_versionHTTP/2

External factors

This page has only a few links from other websites.
This page only has backlinks from 9 referring domains.
This page only has 11 backlinks.
This page only has few backlinks from 9 different ip addresses.
This page is referenced by wikipedia.

Search preview

www.yogajournal.com
Yoga Journal | Yoga Poses - Sequences - Philosophy - Events
Yoga Journal is your source for yoga pose instruction, sequences, free video classes, guided meditations, and information on the yogic lifestyle.

Most important keywords

Following keywords were found. You can check the keyword optimization of this page for each keyword.

KeywordResultRecheck
Yoga80%Check
Yoga Journal76%Check
Pose74%Check
Yoga Poses71%Check
Journal70%Check
Yoga Class69%Check
Yoga Classes67%Check
Sequences66%Check
Free Yoga66%Check
Practice Yoga65%Check

Automatically check yogajournal.com including all subpages at once!

Try for free
Guaranteed free of charge during trial period.

Cookie Policy

We use cookies to make our site work and also for analytics and advertising purposes. You can enable or disable optional cookies as desired. See the following links for more information.

We need these so the site can function properly

So we can better understand how visitors use our website

So we can serve you tailored ads and promotions